„The International Olympic Committee is a private non-governmental organization.
It is the authority responsible for organizing the modern Olympic Games.
The IOC is the controlling body for the National Olympic Committees (NOCs),
which are the national constituents of the worldwide Olympic Movement.‟
(from Wikipedia)
The history of the modern Olympic Games is also the history of sports
development since the mid-19th century.
Beginning in England, at first only members of the upper classes devoted
themselves to sports (gentlemen sports) as leisure activities, as a status
symbol reserved for them. (The verb „to sport‟ first appeared in the English
novel „Destruction of Troya‟ by an unknown author, meaning for recreational
activities of the nobility used in contrast to the „pastimes‟ of the lowly
people.) From this historical root the concept of the amateur is to
explain also. „Amateur‟ was originally the demarcation of the elitist upper
class of all who had to earn a living. Conversely, the term „Professional‟
had nothing to do with the practice of sports or morally judgment.
Interestingly, even Coubertin found the amateur concept ridiculous, calling
it a „caste question‟. On the other hand, the „Amateur‟ was imposed
on the IOC by the sports federations. Until the 1990s, the amateur status
was crucial for the admission of an athlete to the Olympic Games.
At the end of the 19th century, sports also spread to the middle classes.
Its pedagogical function had been recognized and placed in the service of
education in the elite schools. From this pedagogical point of view, the
original ideas of the French Baron de Coubertin originate as well for the
Olympic movement initiated by him.
At the beginning, women's sports played no role in the Olympic Movement but
also in sports generally. Coubertin remained an opponent of women's sports
until his death. He regarded it as „contrary to the laws of nature.‟
Although there some competitions for women in the early years of the
Olympic Games (tennis, golf, swimming, figure skating) it lasted until
1926, as the IOC decided to allow women's athletics with 12 to 5 votes.
This was the beginning of a very long way to gender equality at the Olympic
Games.
23.06.1894 - 15.04.1896 | Demetrius Vikelas GRE |
15.04.1896 - 10.04.1915 | Baron Pierre de Coubertin FRA |
10.04.1915 - 05.04.1919 | Baron Godefroy de Blonay SUI, acting |
05.04.1919 - 26.05.1926 | Baron Pierre de Coubertin FRA |
26.05.1926 - 06.01.1942 🕆 | Comte Henri de Baillet-Latour BEL |
07.01.1942 - 07.09.1946 | Johannes Sigfrid Edström SWE, acting |
07.09.1946 - 31.08.1952 | Johannes Sigfrid Edström SWE |
01.09.1952 - 11.10.1972 | Avery Brundage USA |
12.10.1972 - 03.08.1980 | Lord Michael Morris Killanin IRL |
04.08.1980 - 16.07.2001 | Juan Antonio Samaranch ESP |
16.07.2001 - 10.09.2013 | Dr. Jacques Rogge BEL |
10.09.2013 - | Dr. Thomas Bach GER |
The carriers of the Olympic movement in the respective countries are the IOC-approved National Olympic Committee (NOC). Only the NOC can send athletes to the Olympic Games.
The 206 (01/2019) NOCs meet in the form of the Association of National
Olympic Committees (founded on 26.-27.06.1979 in San Juan PUR) for the
exchange of information and experience at least every two years. In
addition to preparing for meetings with the IOC Executive Board or the
Olympic Congresses, the ANOC also makes proposals to the IOC on the use of
funds under the Olympic Solidarity programs.
Presidents | |
---|---|
26.06.1979 - 15.03.2012 | Mario Vázquez Raña MEX |
15.-18.03.2012 | ----- |
18.03. - 13.04.2012 | Sheikh Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah KUW, acting |
13.04.2012 - 28.11.2018 | Sheikh Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah KUW |
28.11.2018 - 20.10.2022 | Robin Mitchell FIJ, acting |
20.10.2022 - | Robin Mitchell FIJ |
The ANOC groups the NOCs into five continental organizations:
ANOCA
- Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa
Panam Sports
- Pan-American Sports Organization
OCA
- Olympic Council of Asia
ONOC
- Oceania National Olympic Committees
and the
After several attempts (The first general assembly took place on 25.10.1969.) the association was officially founded in Lisboa POR on 16.10.1975 as the Association of European NOCs (AENOC). On 11.11.1995 the
organization renamed to European Olympic Committees. The EOC consists of 50 NOCs (01/2020). It organizes the European Games and the European Youth Olympic Festivals.
Presidents | |
---|---|
25.10.1969 - 21.10.1976 | Comte Jean de Beaumont FRA |
21.10.1976 - 22.11.1980 | Bo Bengtson SWE |
22.11.1980 - 08.10.1987 | Franco Carraro ITA |
08.10.1987 - 12.10.1989 | Kurt Heller AUT |
12.10.1989 - 30.11.2001 | Dr. Jacques Rogge BEL |
30.11.2001 - 29.07.2006 | Mario Pescante ITA |
29.07.2006 - 18.08.2016 | Patrick Joseph Hickey IRL |
18.08.2016 - 25.11.2017 | Janez Kocijančič SLO, acting |
25.11.2017 - 01.06.2020 🕆 | Janez Kocijančič SLO |
01.06.2020 - 10.06.2021 | Niels Nygaard DEN, acting |
10.06.2021 - | Spyros Capralos GRE |
EYOF - European Youth Olympic Festivals
The EOC introduced this multi-sport event for 13-17-year olds in 1991.
Until 2001, this event was still called European Youth Olympic Days.
The EYOF take place in selected sports and with a limited number of
disciplines every two years.
Summer | Winter | ||
---|---|---|---|
1991, Jul 12 - 21 | Bruxelles BEL | ----- | ----- |
1993, Jul 03 - 09 | Valkenswaard NED | 1993, Feb 07 - 10 | Aosta ITA |
1995, Jul 09 - 14 | Bath GBR | 1995, Feb 04 - 10 | Andorra AND |
1997, Jul 18 - 24 | Lisboa POR | 1997, Feb 07 - 13 | Sundsvall SWE |
1999, Jul 10 - 16 | Esbjerg DEN | 1999, Mar 06 - 12 | Poprad SVK |
2001, Jul 03 - 09 | Murcia ESP | 2001, Mar 11 - 15 | Vuokatti FIN |
2003, Jul 27 - Aug 03 | Paris FRA | 2003, Jan 25 - 31 | Bled SLO |
2005, Jul 03 - 08 | Lignano Sabbiadoro ITA | 2005, Jan 23 - 28 | Monthey SUI |
2007, Jul 21 - 28 | Beograd SRB | 2007, Feb 18 - 23 | Jaca ESP |
2009, Jul 19 - 25 | Tampere FIN | 2009, Feb 15 - 20 | Województwo śląskie POL |
2011, Jul 23 - 30 | Trabzon TUR | 2011, Feb 13 - 18 | Liberec CZE |
2013, Jul 14 - 19 | Utrecht NED | 2013, Feb 17 - 22 | Braşov ROU |
2015, Jul 26 - Aug 01 | Tbilisi GEO | 2015, Jan 25 - 30 | Vorarlberg AUT, Vaduz LIE |
2017, Jul 22 - 30 | Győr HUN | 2017, Feb 12 - 17 | Erzurum TUR |
2019, Jul 20 - 28 | Baku AZE | 2019, Feb 09 - 16 | Sarajevo, Istočno Sarajevo BIH |
2022, Jul 24 - 30 | Banská Bystrica SVK | 2022, Mar 20 - 25 | Vuokatti FIN |
2023, Jul 23 - 29 | Maribor SLO | 2023, Jan 21 - 28 | Friuli-Venezia Giulia ITA |
2022 Summer: Originally planned for 2021, Jul 25 - 31 but postponed after rescheduling
of Olympic Games to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2022 Winter: Originally planned for 2021, Feb 06 - 13 but postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The International Sports Federations are responsible for the integrity of
their sports on an international level. These organizations establish the
rules of their sports and are responsible for the arbitration, judges and
other officials. They plan and organize the competitions at the Olympic
Games and other international competitions.
To arrange competitions of both Summer and Winter Olympic Games,
the IFs have formed the following associations.
The 21 International Federations, which sports belonged to the program of
the 1984 Summer Olympics founded the ASOIF on 30.05.1983.
Presidents | |
---|---|
30.05.1983 - 07.11.1999 🕆 | Primo Nebiolo ITA (IAAF) |
08.11.1999 - 23.02.2000 | Lu Shengrong CHN (IBF), acting |
23.02.2000 - 31.12.2012 | Denis Oswald SUI (FISA) |
01.01.2013 - | Francesco Ricci Bitti ITA (ITF) |
Member federations (06/2023) | |
---|---|
BWF | Badminton World Federation |
FEI | Fédération Equestre Internationale |
FIE | Fédération Internationale d'Escrime |
FIBA | Fédération Internationale de Basketball |
FIFA | Fédération Internationale de Football Association |
FIG | Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique |
FIH | Fédération Internationale de Hockey |
FIVB | Fédération Internationale de Volleyball |
IBA | International Boxing Association |
ICF | International Canoe Federation |
IFSC | International Federation of Sport Climbing |
IGF | International Golf Federation |
IHF | International Handball Federation |
IJF | International Judo Federation |
ISSF | International Shooting Sport Federation |
ISA | International Surfing Association |
ITTF | International Table Tennis Federation |
ITF | International Tennis Federation |
IWF | International Weightlifting Federation |
UCI | Union Cycliste Internationale |
UIPM | Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne |
UWW | United World Wrestling |
World Aquatics | |
World Archery | |
World Athletics | |
WDSF | World DanceSport Federation |
World Rowing | |
World Rugby | |
World Sailing | |
World Skate | |
World Taekwondo | |
World Triathlon |
The establishment of a (General) Association of International Winter Sports
Federations (AIWF) was agreed at a meeting of the IOC Executive Board with the winter
sports
federations in Sarajevo on 02.12.1981. The official recognition took place
on occasion of the 85th IOC session on 26.05.1982. In 2000, during its
meeting held in Sydney, the AIWF added an „Olympic‟ to its name and an „O‟
to its abbreviation.
Presidents | |
---|---|
02.12.1981 - 22.09.2000 | Marc Hodler SUI (FIS) |
22.09.2000 - 26.08.2002 | Gian-Franco Kasper SUI (FIS) |
26.08.2002 - 08.04.2014 | Rene Fasel SUI (IIHF) |
08.04.2014 - 05.11.2020 | Gian-Franco Kasper SUI (FIS) |
05.11.2020 - | Ivo Ferriani ITA (IBSF) |
Member federations (06/2023) | |
---|---|
IBU | International Biathlon Union |
IBSF | International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation |
WCF | World Curling Federation |
IIHF | International Ice Hockey Federation |
ISU | International Skating Union |
FIL | Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course |
FIS | Fédération Internationale de Ski |
The members of the ARISF are international sports federations that are
recognized by the IOC but are currently not participating in the Olympic
Games. As soon as their sports are included in the Olympic program, they
automatically lose their membership of the ARISF and will become members of
the ASOIF or AIOWF.
The concept of an organization of such sports federations was discussed of a meeting of the IOC Executive Board with them
on 01.06.1983 in Lausanne. Later that year a draft of the ARISF constitution was sent to the IOC. On 01.12.1983 the IOC
informed Mr. Kim that the Executive Board had recognized the new organization last week. The annual meeting of the ARISF
approved the constitution on 28.05.1984 in Lausanne.
Spokesman | |
---|---|
06.06.1983 - 28.05.1984 | Dr. Kim Un Yong KOR (WTF) |
President | |
28.05.1984 - 19.03.1993 | Dr. Kim Un Yong KOR (WTF) |
19.03.1993 - 13.09.1994 | Andrés Botero COL (IWWF) |
13.09.1994 - 31.12.1996 | Philip J.M. van der Ven NED (WSF) |
01.01. - 21.05.1997 | Ron Froehlich USA (FIT), acting |
21.05.1997 - 17.04.2005 | Ron Froehlich USA (FIT/since 1999 FIG) |
17.04.2005 - 27.05.2013 | Dr. Jan Fransoo NED (IKF) |
27.05.2013 - | Dr. Raffaele Chiulli ITA (UIM) |
Member federations (06/2023) | |
---|---|
FAI | Fédération Aéronautique Internationale |
IFAF | International Federation of American Football |
FIA | Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile |
FIB | Federation of International Bandy |
WBSC | World Baseball Softball Confederation |
WCBS | World Confederation of Billiards Sports |
CMSB | Confédération Mondiale des Sports de Boules |
IBF | International Bowling Federation |
WBF | World Bridge Federation |
ICU | International Cheer Union |
FIDE | Fédération Internationale des Échecs |
ICC | International Cricket Council |
IFF | International Floorball Federation |
WFDF | World Flying Disc Federation |
IFI | International Federation Icestocksport |
WKF | World Karate Federation |
WAKO | World Association of Kickboxing Organizations |
IKF | International Korfball Federation |
WL | World Lacrosse |
ILSF | International Life Saving Federation |
FIM | Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme |
UIAA | Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme |
IFMA | International Federation of Muaythai Associations |
World Netball | |
IOF | International Orienteering Federation |
FIPV | Fédération Internationale de Pelota Vasca |
FIP | Federation of International Polo |
UIM | Union Internationale Motonautique |
IRF | International Racquetball Federation |
FIAS | Fédération Internationale de Sambo |
ISMF | International Ski Mountaineering Federation |
WSF | World Squash Federation |
IFS | International Sumo Federation |
TWIF | Tug of War International Federation |
CMAS | Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |
FISU | Fédération Internationale du Sport Universitaire |
IWWF | International Water Ski & Wakeboard Federation |
IWUF | International Wushu Federation |
Last modified: 07.08.2023